Immune responses in COVID-19 patients during breakthrough infection with SARS-CoV-2 variants Delta, Omicron-BA.1 and Omicron-BA.5

Omicron Delta Epsilon

SARS-COV-2 Virus; Immune Responses and The Immunopathogenesis

Abstract Background and Objectives Clinical features of SARS-COV-2 virus include fever, headache, cough, sore throat, and shortness of breath, and in severe forms it leads to disseminated intravascular coagulation, septic shock, and ultimately death. Excessive secretion of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1 leads to cytokine storms in this disease. The emergence of new va...

Immunological and Clinical Aspects of Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2

The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by a coronavirus named SARS-CoV-2 from the family Coronaviridae, was first reported in December 2019 in China. The disease have mild or severe symptoms such as fever, chills, cough, shortness of breath, body aches, and gastrointestinal symptoms, followed by severe inflammation, cytokine storm, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and dysfunction of...

SARS-CoV-2 infection: its psychiatric manifestations

Background:  The clinical presentation of SARS-CoV-2 infection was initially dominated by respiratory symptoms. However the clinical spectrum is wide and neuropsychiatric syndromes are also a source of medical concern. Our aims are to present an atypical clinical presentation of SARS-CoV-2 infection characterized by auditory hallucinations and unusual behavior and to emphasize the diversity of ...

Gastrointestinal Manifestations in Patients Infected with SARS-CoV-2

Coronavirus disease 2019, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, has recently become the number one problem affecting global health. Coronavirus disease 2019 is principally recognized by its respiratory manifestations; however, recent studies have shown an increasing number of patients with gastrointestinal complaints like diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal discomfort...